Forest dominated by beech (Fagus sylvatica and Fagus orientalis) on base-rich to neutral, mesotrophic to eutrophic, mineral soils. It occurs through the Atlantic and continental areas of Europe and, at higher altitudes, in the submediterranean zone. Associated trees, including evergreen conifers like fir (Abies alba) and spruce (Picea abies) which figures at the altitudinal limit, are always subordinate in cover and usually in height, though broadleaved associates are more extensive and diverse on richer soils and, like the usually sparse shrub layer, show regional climate-related variation. The field layer can be species-rich.