Polar deserts of the Arctic zone of the Arctic Ocean archipelagos
Drabo corymbosae-Papaveretea dahliani Daniëls, Elvebakk et Matveyeva in Daniëls et al. 2016
pap01 | This new class (for the protologue see Daniëls et al. 2016) represents the zonal vegetation of the polar desert zone delineated by Bay (1997: 685–696, Fig. 7) as the Subzone A, which is characterised by sparse vegetation of vascular plants, lack of woody plants, absence (unlike in tundra) of sedges (Carex), absence of bog mosses (Sphagnum), and a pronounced occurrence of other bryophytes as well as lichens and cyanobacteria. (F. Daniëls).
Polar deserts of the Arctic zone of the Arctic Ocean archipelagos
Saxifrago oppositifoliae-Papaveretalia dahliani Daniëls, Elvebakk et Matveyeva in Daniëls et al. 2016
Polar deserts of the Arctic zone of the Arctic Ocean archipelagos
Papaverion dahliani Hofmann ex Daniëls, Elvebakk et Matveyeva in Daniëls et al. 2016
Circum-arctic fellfield and dwarf-scrub graminoid tundra, and relict wind-exposed short grasslands on base-rich substrates in the alpine and subnival belts of the European boreal and nemoral mountain ranges
Carici rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii Ohba 1974
Graminoid tundra and dwarf-shrub fellfield vegetation of Scandinavia, Northern Russia, Iceland, the Arctic Ocean islands, Greenland and the Arctic North America
Thymo arcticae-Kobresietalia bellardii Ohba 1974
Graminoid tundra and dwarf-scrub heath vegetation of Scotland, Scandinavia, Iceland and the Arctic Ocean islands
Kobresio-Dryadion Nordhagen 1943
Graminoid tundra and dwarf-scrub heath vegetation of Arctic Western Russia and Siberia
Dryado octopetalae-Caricion arctisibiricae Koroleva et Kulyugina in Chytrý et al. 2015
Graminoid tundra and dwarf-scrub heath vegetation of Greenland and the Arctic North America
Dryadion integrifoliae Ohba ex Daniëls 1982
Relict summit graminoid tundra in the alpine and subnival belts of the nemoral mountain ranges of the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Carpathians, the Apennines and the Balkans
Oxytropido-Elynetalia Albrecht 1969
Summit graminoid tundra in the alpine and subnival belts of the Pyrenees, the Alps and the Carpathians
Oxytropido-Elynion myosuroidis Br.-Bl. 1950
kob06 | In part IV of the ‘Übersicht der Pflanzengesellschaft Rätiens’, Braun-Blanquet (1949c) published the name 'Oxytropido-Elynion Br.-Bl. 1948', containing only one association – the 'Elynetum (Brockmann-Jerosch) Br.-Bl. 1913' to which a proper reference was made in the protologue. However, the bibliographical references, gathered in part VI of the publication, were published as late as in 1950 (Braun-Blanquet 1950), and therefore the date of the valid publication of the name is 1950 and not 1949. In part IV in 1949, there is no citation of the name 'Elynion medioeuropaeum' and, although Braun-Blanquet refers explicitly to his 'Vegetations-Monographie der Ostpyrenäen (1948)' in the text, there is no effective bibliographical reference to Braun-Blanquet (1948) either directly in the text or in the bibliography published in 1950. As a result, the name 'Oxytropido-Elynion' cannot be considered as an explicit substitution of the illegitimate 'Elynion medioeuropaeum' by Braun-Blanquet (1948), and the correct citation of the name is Oxytropido-Elynion Br.-Bl. 1950. (J.-P. Theurillat).
Summit graminoid tundra in the alpine and subnival belts of the Apennines and the Balkans
Leontopodio nivalis-Elynion myosuroidis (Blasi et al. 2003) Di Pietro et Mucina in Chytrý et al. 2015
Alpine tussock grasslands on mylonites of the Western Carpathians
Festucion versicoloris Krajina 1933
Subalpine tussock grasslands on steep or terraced slopes on base-rich substrates of the Eastern Hercynicum
Agrostion alpinae Jeník et al. 1980
kob08 | Kočí (in Chytrý 2007: 84) classified this alliance into the Elyno-Seslerietea, with reservations. (L. Mucina).
Chionophobous summit graminoid and dwarf-scrub mountain tundra in the alpine and subnival belts of the Caucasus
Kobresietalia capilliformis Tsepkova 1987
Chionophobous summit graminoid mountain tundra in the alpine and subnival belts of the Caucasus
Kobresion capilliformis Tsepkova 1987
kob10 | Onipchenko (2002) did not accept both the Kobresion capilliformis Tsepkova 1987 and the Kobresietalia capilliformis Tsepkova 1987 and included the Alchemillo-Kobresietum capilliformis Tsepkova 1987 in the Oxytropido-Elynion Br.-Bl. 1949 (Oxytropido-Kobresietalia, Carici rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii). (N. Ermakov).
Chionophobous summit ericoid dwarf-heath mountain tundra in the alpine and subnival belts of the Caucasus
Salici kazbekensis-Empetrion nigrae Onipchenko 2002
Arctic-boreal tundra scrub and relict alpine acidophilous dwarf-heath mountain tundra of Eurasia and North America
Loiseleurio procumbentis-Vaccinietea Eggler ex Schubert 1960
loi01 | This class comprises primary dwarf heath (tundra and European mountain tundra) composed of arctic and arctic-alpine elements. The Calluno-Ulicetea, on the other hand, comprises primary (and secondary) heath of low altitudes or secondary heath of the montane to subalpine belt replacing original coniferous forests. (L. Mucina).
Relic acidophilous dwarf-heath mountain tundra in the subalpine and alpine belts of the nemoral mountain ranges of Western, Central and Southern Europe, and the Caucasus
Rhododendro ferruginei-Vaccinietalia Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et Jenny 1926
loi04 | The order is validly published with the Loiseleurio-Vaccinion Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et Jenny 1926 as its typus. Therefore, if the Loiseleurio-Vaccinion Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et Jenny 1926 were to be placed in another order, then ICPN art. 29c would apply and the other order would become a nomen superfluum, because the earliest name Rhododendro-Vaccinietalia would always have the priority. This would apply also if the type of the alliance, the Empetro-Vaccinietum Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et Jenny 1926, were placed in another order. (J.-P. Theurillat).
Relic alpine silicicolous dwarf heath in wind-exposed habitats of the nemoral mountain ranges of Europe
Loiseleurio procumbentis-Vaccinion Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et Jenny 1926
Relic subalpine and alpine silicicolous chionophilous low heath of the Alps
Rhododendro ferruginei-Vaccinion Br.-Bl. ex Schnyder 1930
Relic subalpine and alpine silicicolous chionophilous dwarf heath of the Western Carpathians
Vaccinion myrtilli Krajina 1933
loi06 | Šibík et al. (2007; see also Kliment & Valachovič 2007) amended the original concept of Krajina (1933), by excluding the Pinus mugo krummholz and typifying the alliance by choosing the Vaccinietum myrtilli tatricum Szafer et al. 1927 as the lectotypus. (L. Mucina).
Relic subalpine and alpine acidophilous chionophilous dwarf heath of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians
Rhododendrion myrtifolii de Foucault ex Theurillat et Mucina in Mucina et al. 2016
loi07 | The invalid 'Rhododendrion kotschyi de Foucault 1991' (de Foucault 1991: 163), is validated here: Rhododendrion myrtifolii de Foucault ex Theurillat et Mucina all. nov. hoc loco. The holotypus (hoc loco) is the Junco trifidi-Rhododendretum kotschyi Resmeriţă 1978 (original name: 'Rhodoreto-Juncetum trifidi Resmeriţă 1975'). The name of the association was published at first as a nomen nudum in Resmeriţă (1975: 345). Then the name was incidentally validly published on p. 370 in Resmeriţă (1978). The diagnostic taxa of the new alliance are Rhododendron myrtifolium, Potentilla aurea subsp. chrysocraspeda and Soldanella major. (J.-P. Theurillat).
Rhododendron-dominated ericoid chionophilous low scrub of the Caucasus
Rhododendrion caucasici Onipchenko 2002
Subxeric and subthermophilous low juniper scrub in the supramontane to subalpine belts of Southern Europe and the Caucasus
Vaccinio microphylli-Juniperetalia nanae Rivas-Mart. et M. Costa 1998
Subalpine chionophobous silicicolous low juniper scrub of the nemoral mountain ranges of Europe
Juniperion nanae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939
Subalpine and supramontane chionophobous calcicolous dry low juniper scrub of the Central and Southern Apennines
Daphno oleoidis-Juniperion alpinae Stanisci 1997
Subalpine chionophobous silicicolous low juniper scrub of the Caucausus
Aconito nasuti-Juniperion communis Onipchenko 2002
loi10 | It appears that the eponymous taxon called 'Juniperus communis' by Onipchenko (2002) is the local endemic Juniperus communis subsp. oblonga (M. Bieb.) Galushko (considered as a variety by Hantemirova et al. 2012). (L. Mucina).
Zonal arctic and montane boreo-arctic acidophilous dwarf heath of Scandinavia, northern Eurasia, Arctic Ocean archipelagos and North America
Deschampsio flexuosae-Vaccinietalia myrtilli Dahl 1957
loi11 | As documented by the synoptic table of de Foucault (1991: 155), there is a marked difference between the relict Vaccinium heath of the European nemoral mountains, and analogous communities found in boreo-atlantic Great Britain, Scandinavia, Northern Russia and the Arctic Ocean islands. The latter are featured in the synoptic table as columns 12 through 15 and show an absence of Rhododendron species and presence of arctic elements such as Betula nana, Carex bigelowii, Diapsensia lapponica, Lycopodium alpinum and Phyllodoce caerulea. This group of communities is here classified as the Deschampsio-Vaccinietalia myrtilli, comprising two alliances − the Loiseleurio-Arctostaphylion and the Phyllodoco-Vaccinion. (L. Mucina) FD does not support the concept of this order and prefers classifying this vegetation within the Rhododendro-Vaccinietalia.
Arctic and boreo-alpine tundra scrub in wind-exposed habitats of Scandinavia, Northern Russia, Svalbard, Iceland and Greenland
Loiseleurio-Arctostaphylion Kalliola ex Nordhagen 1943
loi12 | Nordhagen's name has the priority over the Loiseleurio-Diapension lapponicae Daniëls 1982 which is a syntaxonomic synonym since the original diagnosis of Daniëls' (1982) alliance includes many elements of the original diagnosis of Nordhagen's alliance, through the inclusion of the elements of the invalidly published suballiance of the Loiseleurio-Diapensenion Br.-Bl et al. 1939 that are also included in the Loiseleurio-Arctostaphylion Kalliola ex Nordhagen 1943. (J.-P. Theurillat) For the relationship of this unit and the Loiseleurio-Vaccinion see Hadač (1972: 357). (L. Mucina).
Moderately chionophilous dwarf scrub of the boreal and hemiarctic zones of Fennoscandia, Iceland, Northern Russia and Greenland
Phyllodoco-Vaccinion myrtilli Nordhagen 1943
loi16 | The name 'Phyllodoco-Vaccinion myrtilli' is invalidly published in Nordhagen (1937) because there are only sociations in the original diagnosis of the alliance. The name is validly published in Nordhagen (1943). (J.-P. Theurillat).
Cryo-xerophytic steppe and associated scrub on base-rich and (sub)saline substrates in continental Greenland and North America
Saxifrago tricuspidatae-Calamagrostietea purpurascentis Drees et Daniëls 2009
Cryo-xerophytic steppe and associated scrub on base-rich and (sub)saline substrates in continental Greenland and North America
Saxifrago tricuspidatae-Calamagrostietalia purpurascentis Drees et Daniëls 2009
Cryo-xerophytic steppe and associated scrub on base-rich substrates in continental Greenland and North America
Saxifrago tricuspidatae-Calamagrostion purpurascentis Cooper ex Drees et Daniëls 2009
Low Arctic (sub)saline steppe vegetation on loess and clayey sediments in Greenland
Puccinellion nuttallianae Daniëls in Chytrý et al. 2015
Vegetation of open grassy tundra disturbed by zoo-anthropogenic activities and cryoturbation in Svalbard and Greenland
Saxifrago cernuae-Cochlearietea groenlandicae Mucina et Daniëls in Mucina et al. 2016
coc01 | Here we formally describe this new class by assigning the Phippsio-Cochleariopsietalia groenlandicae (Hadač 1989: 165−167) as the holotypus (hoc loco) of the class. This class unites vegetation disturbed (especially by anthropogenic and zoogenic influence) habitats of the arctic zone of the Palearctis. Its ecology, distribution, and delimitations towards other arctic vegetation classes will be handled elsewhere. The diagnostic taxa of the new class are: Cerastium arcticum, Cochlearia groenlandica, Draba alpina, D. corymbosa, Luzula confusa, Papaver radicatum, Phippsia algida subsp. concinna, Potentilla hyparctica, Saxifraga cernua, S. cespitosa, S. flagellaris, S. oppositifolia subsp. oppositifolia, S. rivularis, Stellaria crassipes, Poa alpina and Puccinellia angustata. For other species see the profile of the class in the EuroVegBrowser accompanying this paper. (L. Mucina, F. Daniëls).
Vegetation of open grassy tundra disturbed by zoo-anthropogenic activities and cryoturbation in Svalbard and Greenland
Phippsio-Cochleariopsietalia groenlandicae Hadač 1989
coc02 | Theurillat & Moravec (1992) suggested that the name Phippsio-Cochleariopsietalia (Hadač 1989) was invalidly published (ICPN art. 8), because the character species given by Hadač (l.c.) were indicated provisionally. However, the formulation used by Hadač "The association, alliance and order may be characterized by Puccinellia angustata and Cochleariopsis groenlandica…" has to be considered as a literary form, and hence not as a provisional indication. In that case the art. 8 would not apply, and the name Phippsio-Cochleariopsietalia should be considered as validly published by Hadač (1989). A preliminary syntaxonomic analysis (Ermakov & Mucina in prep.), suggests that the classes Saxifrago cernuae-Cochleariopsietea groenlandicae and the Matricario-Poetea arcticae Ishbirdin in Sumina 2012 do share some of the species pool, however they remain biogeographically and ecologically very distant. It is therefore the classification of the Phippsio-Cochleariopsietalia groenlandicae Hadač 1989 within the latter class, as suggested by some authors, is not appropriate. (L. Mucina, J.-P. Theurillat).
Vegetation of anthropogenic disturbed habitats in Svalbard and Greenland
Cochleariopsion groenlandicae Hadač 1989
Vegetation of bird-manured and disturbed cliff habitats in Svalbard
Cerastio arctici-Saxifragion cernuae H. Hartmann ex Mucina et Daniëls in Mucina et al. 2016
coc03 | Hartmann (1980: 114, 118) provisionally described the alliance 'Cerastio-Saxifragion cernuae' (ICPN art. 3b) containing a 'Poa alpigena-Alopecurus alpinus-Gesellschaft' and a community with Poa pratensis and Festuca rubra. Hadač (1989: 146) published validly the former community as an association, the 'Poo alpigenae-Alopecuretum alpini Hartm. ex Hadač 1989' by choosing one relevé in Hartmann's table as the type. He also designated the latter association as the type of the alliance 'Cerastio-Saxifragion cernuae Hartmann 1980' and indicated three species characterizing the alliance. Seemingly, Hadač in so doing incidentally validated Hartmann's provisional name in providing all the needed elements. However, Hadač did not specify which species of the genus Cerastium is eponymous of the name of the alliance and Hartmann (l.c., in his table) did not differentiate C. arcticum from C. alpinum (ICPN art. 3g). Therefore, no incidental validation of the alliance occurred in Hadač (l.c.). Here, we validate the Hartmann's name by providing the missing condition in choosing C. arcticum as the name-giving taxon: Cerastio arctici-Saxifragion cernuae H. Hartmann ex Mucina et Daniëls all. nov. hoc loco; holotypus (hoc loco): Poo alpigenae-Alopecuretum alpini H. Hartmann ex Hadač 1989. The regional character species of the alliance are: Alopecurus magellanicus (syn. A. alpinus Sm.), Cerastium arcticum, Poa alpigena, Saxifraga cespitosa, S. cernua and S. hyperborea. (L. Mucina, F. Daniëls, J.-P. Theurillat) We suggest that the Cerastio-Saxifragion cernuae is conceptually different from the Cochleariopsion groenlandicae Hadač 1989. (L. Mucina, F. Daniëls).
Holarctic coniferous and boreo-subarctic birch forests on oligotrophic and leached soils in the boreal zone and at high-altitudes of mountains in the nemoral zone of Eurasia
Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939
pic01 | The class in this syntaxonomic circumscription, includes also the wooded bogs classified by some (e.g. Stortelder et al. 1999; Berg et al. 2004) within the Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetea Passarge 1968. (L. Mucina) The placement of the wooded bogs within the Vaccinio-Piceetea is justified because they often occur on a thin layer of peat with trees rooted in the mineral soil. The species composition also comprises many species of typical boreal coniferous forests. (M. Chytrý) The Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetea does not have its own character species, and the physiognomic differences from the Vaccinio-Piceetea are small. These are bogs with only scattered or low-grown trees with undergrowth that does not differ from the Oxycocco-Sphagnetea. (M. Hájek) The classification of this vegetation within the Vaccinio-Piceetea should be seen as a compromise. (L. Mucina) For the nomenclature related to the name see Willner et al. (2015b). (W. Willner, L. Mucina, J.-P. Theurillat).
European boreo-montane and subalpine spruce and pine forests on nutrient-poor soils
Piceetalia excelsae Pawłowski et al. 1928
European boreo-montane spruce forests and subalpine open pine woods on nutrient-poor podzolic soils
Piceion excelsae Pawłowski et al. 1928
Acidophilous Macedonian-pine forests in the montane to subalpine belts of the Southern Balkans
Pinion peucis Horvat 1950
Zonal mesophilous boreal coniferous forests on podzolic soils of easternmost European Russia, the Urals and Siberia
Piceo obovatae-Pinetalia sibiricae Ermakov 2013
Zonal mesophilous boreal coniferous forests with tall-herb undergrowth of easternmost European Russia, the Urals and Siberia
Aconito rubicundi-Abietion sibiricae Anenkhonov et Chytrý 1998
Holarctic boreo-temperate pine forests on nutrient-poor and hydromorphic soils
Pinetalia sylvestris Oberd. 1957
European temperate and subboreal pine forests on nutrient-poor acidic sandy soils
Dicrano-Pinion sylvestris (Libbert 1933) W. Matuszkiewicz 1962 nom. conserv. propos.
pic09 | The name 'Dicrano-Pinion (Libbert 1933) W. Matuszkiewicz 1962' is widely used in the recent syntaxonomic literature in accordance with its type (e.g. Wallnöfer 1993; Pott 1995; Hommel et al. 1998; Schubert et al. 2001; Rennwald 2002). It should therefore be protected following the ICPN art. 52 against the older, yet rarely used and conceptually ambiguous name 'Pinion (Libbert 1933) Oberd. 1957'. A formal proposal towards this end was made by Dengler et al. (2004) and Zelený in Chytrý (2013). (J. Dengler, L. Mucina).
Northern European and Western Siberian boreal oligotrophic pine forests
Cladonio stellaris-Pinion sylvestris Kielland-Lund ex Ermakov et Morozova 2011
European boreo-subarctic and orotemperate birch woods and krummholz on nutrient-poor podzolic soils
Vaccinio myrtilli-Betuletalia pubescentis Mucina et Willner ined.
pic11 | The formal description of this unit will be presented elsewhere. (L. Mucina).
Orotemperate birch forests on podzolic soils in the montane and subalpine belts of the Alps and the Pyrenees
Betulion carpatico-pubescentis Rivas-Mart. et M. Costa in Rivas-Mart. et al. 2002
Boreal-subartic low birch woods and krummholz of Scandinavia and the Arctic Ocean islands
Empetro hermaphroditi-Betulion pumilae Mucina, Willner et Grabherr ined.
pic12 | The formal description of this unit will be presented elsewhere. (L. Mucina).
Northeastern Eurasian taiga on long-frozen soils and permafrost
Ledo palustris-Laricetalia gmelinii Ermakov in Ermakov et Alsynbayev 2004
Northeastern European taiga on long-frozen soils and permafrost
Empetro-Piceion obovatae Morozova et al. 2008
European boreo-montane spruce, fir and pine forests on nutrient-rich soils
Athyrio filicis-feminae-Piceetalia Hadač in Hadač et al. 1969
Mesic herb-rich spruce forests of the Central and Northern European mountains
Chrysanthemo rotundifolii-Piceion (Krajina 1933) Březina et Hadač in Hadač 1962
Mesophilous fir forests on brown forest soils of the Central and southwestern European mountains
Abieti-Piceion (Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939) Soó 1964
Mesic herb-rich fir forests on limestone and dolomite boulder screes in the montane and subalpine belts of the Western Balkans
Calamagrostio-Abietion Horvat 1962 nom. invers. propos.
pic13 | The inversion of the name was proposed in Trinajstić (2008: 120) and Šilc & Čarni (2012: 160). This step was motivated by the fact that Abies alba is the dominating element of the uppermost tree layer. (L. Mucina).
Mesic herb-rich pine forests in the montane and subalpine belts of the Western Alps and the Pyrenees
Seslerio caeruleae-Pinion uncinatae Vigo 1974
Eurasian open pine and spruce woods in oligotrophic mires
Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetalia sylvestris Passarge 1968
Eurasian open pine woods in oligotrophic mires
Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinion sylvestris Passarge 1968
pic15 | The formal proposition towards the name conservation (Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinion sylvestris Passarge et G. Hofmann 1968 nom. conserv. propos.) was published in Willner & Grabherr (2007: 237). (L. Mucina).
Eurasian spruce forests on oligotrophic mires
Eriophoro-Piceion abietis Passarge 1968
Boreal spruce mires of Eastern Europe and Siberia
Calamagrostio purpureae-Piceetalia obovatae Lapshina 2010
Boreal spruce mires of Eastern Europe and Siberia
Calamagrostio canescentis-Piceion abietis Solomeshch in Willner et al. 2015
Cool-temperate coniferous and mixed montane forests with nemoral and hemiboreal floristic elements of the Southern Urals and Southern Siberia
Asaro europaei-Abietetea sibiricae Ermakov, Mucina et Zhitlukhina in Willner et al. 2016
asa01 | The Abietetalia sibiricae forms a zonal geographical margin of the Carpino-Fagetea in the Urals, at the eastern limit of its range and it represents a relict nemoral (subnemoral) vegetation type of Siberia. The floristic differences between this order and the Carpino-Fagetea are obvious and deserve to be recognised at the level of class (see Zhitlukhina & Ermakov in Willner et al. 2016a for the formal description of the class). This vegetation occurs on moist nutrient-rich loamy soils in the foothills and low mountain ranges (300−800 m a.s.l.) of the Southern Urals and in isolated refugial areas of Southern Siberia, characterised by local ultra-humid low-continental climate. (N. Ermakov).
Cool-temperate coniferous and mixed broad-leaved coniferous montane forests with nemoral and hemiboreal floristic elements of the Southern Urals and Southern Siberia
Abietetalia sibiricae (Ermakov in Ermakov et al. 2000) Ermakov 2006
Cool-temperate coniferous and mixed broad-leaved coniferous montane forests of the Southern Urals
Aconito septentrionalis-Piceion obovatae Solomeshch, Grigoriev, Khaziakhmetov et Baisheva in Martynenko et al. 2008
Hemiboreal pine and birch-pine herb-rich open forests on fertile soils of the Southern Urals and Southern Siberia, and relict birch-poplar forests of Europe
Brachypodio pinnati-Betuletea pendulae Ermakov et al. 1991
Hemiboreal pine and birch-pine herb-rich open forests on fertile soils of the Southern Urals and Southern Siberia
Chamaecytiso ruthenici-Pinetalia sylvestris Solomeshch et Ermakov in Ermakov et al. 2000
Xeric pine-larch herb-rich open forests of the Southern Urals
Caragano fruticis-Pinion sylvestris Solomeshch et al. 2002
Birch-pine, pine and larch herb-rich open forests on dry soils of the Southern Urals
Veronico teucrii-Pinion sylvestris Ermakov et Solomeshch in Ermakov et al. 2000
Birch-pine herb-rich open forests on mesic soils of the Southern Urals
Trollio europaei-Pinion sylvestris Fedorov in Ermakov et al. 2000
Relict extrazonal temperate deciduous birch-poplar woods on mineral soils of Europe
Fragario vescae-Populetalia tremulae Willner et Mucina in Willner et al. 2016 nom. inval. (3b)
bra01 | This (preliminary coined) order comprises natural pioneer and secondary birch-poplar woods on mineral soils in the temperate zone of Europe. The tree species composition resembles the forests that dominated Europe in the Early Holocene, i.e. before the Carpino-Fagetea species returned from their glacial refugia. See also Willner et al. (2016). (W. Willner).
Relict extrazonal temperate deciduous birch-poplar woods on mineral soils of Europe
Fragario vescae-Populion tremulae Willner et Mucina ined.
Euro-Siberian (sub)continental psammophilous (sub)thermophilous steppic pine forests
Pyrolo-Pinetea sylvestris Korneck 1974
pyr01 | Some authors (Oberdorfer et al. 1967; Passarge & Hofmann 1968; Korneck 1974; Oberdorfer in Oberdorfer 1992: 33–41) have classified some slightly basiphilous pine forests with continental drought-adapted species in Germany in the Pyrolo-Pinetea Korneck 1974 (syn. Pulsatillo-Pinetea Oberdorfer in Oberdorfer et al. 1967; Festuco-Pinetea sylvestris Passarge et G. Hofmann 1968). The concept of this class is based on the assumption that similar pine forests are widespread in the forest-steppe zone of the Eastern Europe and Western Siberia. Ermakov (1999, 2003) classified dry pine forests on sandy soils in the forest-steppe zone of southwestern Siberia into the Pyrolo-Pinetea. Recent studies of German and Polish basiphilous dry pine forests (W. Matuszkiewicz 1962; Heinken & Zippel 1999; J.M. Matuszkiewicz 2001; Heinken 2008), consider analogous vegetation types only at the association level and classify them within the Dicrano-Pinion. As there is no comprehensive comparative study of the East European dry pine forests, I support the compromise solution proposed by Berg (in Berg et al. 2004: 459–468), assigning the basiphilous dry pine forests of Central Europe to the Festuco-Pinion sylvestris (the Vaccinio-Piceetea). (M. Chytrý) Russian and Ukrainian authors (Ermakov et al. 2000; Solomakha 2008; both using the name 'Pulsatillo-Pinetea') prefer to retain this syntaxonomic concept at the class level. (L. Mucina, N. Ermakov) Oberdorfer et al. (1967: 51–51) introduced a suggestion by D. Korneck combining the Pulsatillo-Pinetea (described, albeit invalidly, in the same paper) and the Erico-Pinetea to form a new class – the Pyrolo-Pinetea. The latter class has been described validly later (Korneck 1974: 168) with reference to the original suggestion, but the protologue of the Pyrolo-Pinetea does not anymore suggest the option of also including the Erico-Pinetea. (L. Mucina).
Thermophilous steppic pine forests in deep valleys of the Central and Western Alps
Astragalo monspessulani-Pinetalia sylvestris Oberd. in Theurillat et al. 1995
pyr02 | Bardat et al. (2004) suggested incorporating this order into the Erico-Pinetea – a view we do not support due to very different ecology and species composition of the understorey as well as contrasting evolutionary community assembly of the Erico-Pinetea and Pyrolo-Pinetea. (L. Mucina).
Thermophilous steppic pine forests in deep valleys of the Central and Western Alps
Ononido rotundifoliae-Pinion sylvestris Br.-Bl. 1950
Subcontinental north-temperate and subboreal psammophilous pine forests in the lowlands of Central and Northern Europe
Festuco-Pinetalia sylvestris Passarge 1968
Subcontinental north-temperate and subboreal psammophilous pine forests in the lowlands of Central and Northern Europe
Festuco-Pinion sylvestris Passarge 1968
Continental xeric psammophilous pine forests in the forest-steppe and steppe zones of Eastern Europe
Koelerio glaucae-Pinetalia sylvestris Ermakov 1999
Continental xeric psammophilous pine forests in the forest-steppe and steppe zones of Eastern Europe
Koelerio glaucae-Pinion sylvestris Ermakov 1999
Mesic deciduous and mixed forests of temperate Europe, Anatolia, the Caucasus and Southern Siberia
Carpino-Fagetea sylvaticae Jakucs ex Passarge 1968
fag01 | Several authors have argued that the name Querco-Fagetea cannot be maintained when the Quercetea pubescentis is accepted as a separate class. A new analysis of the complex nomenclature surrounding this name supports this view (see Willner et al. 2015b). (W. Willner).
Acidophilous beech and mixed fir-beech forests on nutrient-poor soils in the nemoral zone of temperate Europe and as relicts at high altitudes of Corsica
Luzulo-Fagetalia sylvaticae Scamoni et Passarge 1959
fag03 | The classification of the Luzulo-Fagetalia and the Luzulo-Fagion is highly controversial. Some authors classify these syntaxa in the Quercetea robori-sessiliflorae (e.g. Theurillat et al. 1995). However, the montane acidophilous beech forests of Central and Southern Europe are floristically closely connected with those of base-rich substrates (e.g. Bergmeier & Dimopoulos 2001; Willner 2002; Tzonev et al. 2006). (E. Bergmeier, M. Chytrý, R. Di Pietro, W. Willner) L. Mucina and J.-P. Theurillat prefer classifying the Luzulo-Fagetalia within the Quercetea robori-sessiliflorae.
Acidophilous beech and mixed fir-beech forests of Central Europe
Luzulo-Fagion sylvaticae Lohmeyer et Tx. in Tx. 1954
Acidophilous beech forests of the atlantic regions of southwestern Europe
Ilici-Fagion sylvaticae Br.-Bl. 1967
Relict acidophilous beech forests on nutrient-poor soils of Corsica
Galio rotundifolii-Fagion Gamisans 1975
Basiphilous beech and mixed fir-beech forests in the nemoral zone and in the montane belt of the submediterranean regions of temperate Europe
Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawłowski 1928
fag04 | The further subdivision of this order reflects the biogeographic differentiation and post-glacial history of European beech forests. However, the extensive splitting as proposed by some authors (e.g. Dierschke & Bohn 2004) is not supported by floristic evidence (see also the Remark for the Fagion sylvaticae). For the complex nomenclature of the name Fagetalia sylvaticae see Willner et al. (2015b). (W. Willner).
Refugial basiphilous beech and mixed fir-beech forests of the northwestern Balkans and the Eastern Alps
Aremonio-Fagion (Horvat 1950) Borhidi in Török et al. 1989
fag06 | This alliance represents the main refugium area of European beech forests located in the northwest of the Balkan Peninsula (Magri et al. 2006; Willner et al. 2009). It includes two suballiances − the Ostryo-Fagenion (thermophilous beech forests) and the Lonicero alpigenae-Fagenion (montane beech and beech-fir forests; incl. Lamio orvalae-Fagenion) according to Willner (2002). (W. Willner).
Partly refugial post-glacial basiphilous beech and mixed fir-beech forests of the temperate Europe
Fagion sylvaticae Luquet 1926
fag07 | This alliance includes all basiphilous beech forests lacking numerous diagnostic species of the Aremonio-Fagion and of the Geranio-Fagion found in the two main refugial areas of European beech forests − the Balkans and the Apennines, respectively. The various alliances proposed for other putative refugia (e.g. the Scillo-Fagion for the Pyrenees, the Symphyto-Fagion for the Carpathians) have only weak floristic support. Instead, several geographically defined suballiances of the thermophilous and mesic beech forests could be distinguished within the Fagion sylvaticae. (W. Willner) L. Mucina disagrees and suggests recognising the Scillo-Fagion and the Symphyto-Fagion as alliances in their own right.
Refugial basiphilous beech and mixed fir-beech forests of Southern Italy and the southwestern Balkans
Geranio striati-Fagion Gentile 1970
fag10 | This alliance represents the main refugium area of the European beech forests located in Southern Italy as well as the putative refugia in Northern Hellas (Magri et al. 2006; Willner et al. 2009). (W. Willner).
Oak-hornbeam and mesic oak forests on deep nutrient-rich soils of the temperate Europe
Carpinetalia betuli P. Fukarek 1968
fag12 | Bardat et al. (2004) used the rank of suborder (the Carpino betuli-Fagenalia sylvaticae; typus: Carpinion betuli; valid name: Carpino betuli-Fagenalia sylvaticae Rameau in Royer et al. 2006) for this syntaxonomic concept. (J.-P. Theurillat).
Oak-hornbeam forests on deep nutrient-rich soils of the cool-temperate Europe and the British Isles
Carpinion betuli Issler 1931
Oak forests on deep base-rich gleyic soils of the atlantic regions of Western Europe
Pulmonario longifoliae-Quercion roboris Rivas-Mart. et Izco in Rivas-Mart. et al. 2002
Oak-hornbeam forests on deep nutrient-rich soils of the Balkans and Northern Italy
Erythronio-Carpinion (Horvat 1958) Marinček in Wallnöfer et al. 1993
Thermophilous hornbeam forests on deep nutrient-rich soils of the southastern Balkans
Castaneo sativae-Carpinion orientalis Quézel, Barbero et Akman ex Quézel et al. 1993
Mesic deciduous oak forests on deep nutrient-rich soils of Crimea
Paeonio dauricae-Quercion petraeae Didukh 1996
Subboreal broad-leaved and mixed forests on deep nutrient-rich soils of northwestern Russia and the Baltic countries
Querco roboris-Tilion cordatae Solomeshch et Laiviņš ex Bulokhov et Solomeshch in Bulokhov et Semenishchenkov 2015
fag13 | This continental zonal vegetation type replaces the Carpinion betuli in Eastern Europe. (DI) Some authors (e.g. Onyshchenko 2010) place this alliance within the Fagetalia sylvaticae. (L. Mucina) The 'Tilio-Acerion' sensu Dierßen & Dierßen (1996) probably also belongs to this alliance. (W. Willner).
Mesic deciduous mixed forests on deep nutrient-rich soils in the eastern forest-steppe zone and as extrazonal in the steppe zone of Ukraine and Russia
Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris Onyshchenko 2009
Subthermophilous broad-leaved forests on deep nutrient-rich soils of the Southern Urals
Aconito lycoctoni-Tilion cordatae Solomeshch et Grigoriev in Willner et al. 2016
Euxino-Hyrcanian xero-mesic oak-hornbeam forests on calcareous soils
Lathyro-Carpinetalia caucasicae Passarge 1981
Caucasian xero-mesic oak-hornbeam forest on brown forest soils over limestone in the lower montane belt
Crataego-Carpinion caucasicae Passarge 1981
Caucasian xero-mesic oak-hornbeam forests on shallow calcareous soils on steep slopes in the upper montane belt
Astrantio-Carpinion caucasicae Passarge 1981
Scree and ravine maple-lime forests of the nemoral zone of the temperate Europe
Aceretalia pseudoplatani Moor 1976 nom. conserv. propos.
fag14 | The formal proposal for the conservation of this name was published in Willner (2015). (L. Mucina).
Sycamore maple forests in the montane belt and cool ravines of the Central European mountain ranges
Tilio-Acerion Klika 1955
fag15 | The concept of the Tilio-Acerion presented here is much narrower than in most previous studies. Therefore, it might be advisable to reject the name Tilio-Acerion and to conserve the name Lunario-Acerion Moor 1973 for the cool temperate maple forests. Yet we refrain from putting forward a formal proposal to this effect at this stage since the delimitation of the alliances within the Aceretalia pseudoplatani needs further study. (W. Willner, J.-P. Theurillat) L. Mucina and M. Chytrý do not support this suggestion since the use of the name Tilio-Acerion did not show serious signs of misinterpretation in the past.
Thermophilous lime forests on scree slopes at low altitudes of the southern regions of Central Europe
Melico-Tilion platyphylli Passarge et G. Hofmann 1968
Atlantic ash-maple scree forests of Western Europe
Dryopterido affinis-Fraxinion excelsioris Vanden Berghen ex Bœuf et al. in Bœuf 2011
fag16 | This unit was described in Vanden Berghen (1969), under the 'Fraxino-Carpinion, sous-alliance à Hypericum androsaemum' (ICPN art. 3e). Rivas-Martínez et al. (2002a) included the Atlantic ash-maple forests in the Pulmonario longifoliae-Quercion roboris. (W. Willner).
Submediterranean mesophilous broad-leaved ash-maple scree and ravine forests of the Balkan Peninsula
Fraxino excelsioris-Acerion pseudoplatani P. Fukarek 1969
Submediterranean xero-thermophilous broad-leaved scree and ravine forests of the Balkan Peninsula
Ostryo carpinifoliae-Tilion platyphylli (Košir et al. 2008) Čarni in Willner et al. 2016
Submediterranean broad-leaved scree and ravine forests of the Southern Apennine Peninsula
Tilio pseudorubrae-Ostryion carpinifoliae S. Brullo et al. 2001
Euxino-Hyrcanian oriental beech forests
Rhododendro pontici-Fagetalia orientalis Passarge 1981
Oriental beech forests of the southeastern Balkan Peninsula, the Caucasus, Northern Anatolia and the Colchis region
Fagion orientalis Soó 1964
fag18 | The name Fagion orientalis was validly published in Soó (1964) on the basis of the 'Lauroceraso-Fagetum orientalis bulgaricum' Soó 1964 nom. illeg. (ICPN art. 34). The latter association was described validly in the same publication (on pages 56-59) by presenting a synoptic table (showing differentiated constancy-classes) based on data by I. Penew. (L. Mucina, W. Willner).
Mesic Crimean beech forests on basic soils
Dentario quinquefoliae-Fagion Didukh 1996
fag20 | Recent genomic studies suggest that Fagus occurring in Crimea (at a specific level called F. taurica Popl.) might be of a hybrid origin, involving Fagus sylvatica s.str. and F. orientalis as putative parents. According to Gömöry & Paule (2010), F. taurica is evolutionary closer to F. orientalis than to F. sylvatica s.str. In any case, the Crimean Fagus forests appear to be ecologically and biogeographically closer to the Rhododendro pontici-Fagetalia orientalis then to the Fagetalia sylvaticae. (L. Mucina) This alliance should be classified in the Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawłowski 1928. (Y. Didukh).
Oak, mixed deciduous and conifer woods of warm regions in the cool-temperate nemoral zone of Central and Southern Europe and in the supramediterranean belt of the Mediterranean, Asia Minor and Middle East
Quercetea pubescentis Doing-Kraft ex Scamoni et Passarge 1959
pub01 | Several authors (e.g. Willner & Grabherr 2007; Trinajstić 2008; Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011) prefer to include the content of this class within the 'Querco-Fagetea'. (L. Mucina).
Oak forests of the warm cool-temperate regions in the nemoral zone of Central and Southern Europe and relic supramediterranean fir-pine and oak forests of the Mediterranean
Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae Klika 1933
pub02 | This order comprises forests dominated by oaks (Q. pubescens, Q. cerris, Q. petraea, Q. frainetto, Q. faginea and others), hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis), hop hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia) as well as Mediterranean relict fir species (A. cephalonica and A. pinsapo). The distribution of the order spans Spain in the West and Crimea in the East and its communities occur on both acidic and calcareous substrates. The large number of alliances and the obvious syntaxonomic heterogeneity of this order call for a profound pan-European syntaxonomic revision. (L. Mucina, W. Willner).
Thermophilous Central European acidophilous oak forests
Quercion petraeae Issler 1931
Thermophilous Central European calciphilous oak forests
Quercion pubescenti-petraeae Br.-Bl. 1932 nom. mut.
pub03 | A proposal to mutate the name was presented by Chytrý (1997) and Willner & Grabherr (2007: 228) (see also Willner et al. 2011). (L. Mucina).
Thermophilous oak forests on deep soils in the forest-steppe zone of the Pontic-Pannonian region
Aceri tatarici-Quercion Zólyomi 1957
Thermophilous oak forests on fertile dark grey soils of the Southern Urals
Lathyro pisiformis-Quercion roboris Solomeshch et Grigoriev in Willner et al. 2015
Supramediterranean submediterranean mesophytic oak and maple forests of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands
Aceri granatensis-Quercion fagineae (Rivas Goday, Rigual et Rivas-Mart. 1960) Rivas-Mart. 1987
Amphiadriatic mesic calcareous submediterranean (sub)montane and inland oak and hop-hornbeam forests on shallow soils
Fraxino orni-Ostryion Tomažič 1940
Amphiadriatic low-altitude calcareous thermophilous oak and oriental hornbeam forests
Carpinion orientalis Horvat 1958
Submediterranean thermophilous oriental-hornbeam forests of the Central and Southern Balkans
Syringo-Carpinion orientalis Jakucs (1959) 1960
Crimean submediterranean thermophilous oak woods
Elytrigio nodosae-Quercion pubescentis Didukh 1996
Western Caucasian submediterranean thermophilous Pinus brutia forests on calcareous substrates
Campanulo sibiricae-Pinion brutiae Litvinskaya et Postarnak ex Mucina in Mucina et al. 2016
pub04 | This unit was described under name ‘Campanulo longistylae-Pinion pithyusae’ by Litvinskaya & Postarnak (2002). Formally (missing ‘typus’ expressis verbis) all three associations (Campanulo longistylae-Pinetum pithyusae, ‘Epymedio colchici-Pinetum pithyusae’ and Trachymeno orientalis-Quercetum iberici) were invalidly published. The Epimedio colchici-Pinetum pithyusae has been selected as the ‘nomenklaturni tip’ (= nomenclature type in Russian) of the Campanulo longistylae-Pinion pithyusae, however again the authors failed to introduce the nomenclature type as ‘typus’ expressis verbis. It is therefore I validate the description of the Epimedio colchici-Pinetum pithyusae by re-assigning the relevé on page 256 in Litvinskaya & Postarnak (2001) as the holotypus hoc loco of the association and assign this validly described association (Epimedio colchici-Pinetum pithyusae Litvinskaya et Postarnak ex Mucina in Mucina et al. 2016) as the holotypus (hoc loco) of the Campanulo sibiricae-Pinion brutiae Litvinskaya et Postarnak ex Mucina all. nov. hoc loco. (Campanula longistyla Fomin is synonymous with C. sibirica L., and Pinus pithyusa Steven is synonymous with P. halepensis subsp. brutia (Ten.) Holmboe) The relationship of these relict warm-temperate (submediterranean) P. brutia forests (from calcareus substrates at low-altitudes in the northwestern parts of the Transcaucasian Colchis region) and the true mediterranean P. brutia forest (see Pinetalia halepensis) will be handled elsewhere. (L. Mucina).
Thermophilous chestnut and oak forests on neutral and acidic substrates of insubrian Northern Italy
Physospermo-Quercion petraeae A.O. Horvát 1976
Submediterranean acidophilous thermophilous oak forests of the central and southern regions of the Apennine Peninsula
Crataego laevigatae-Quercion cerridis Arrigoni 1997
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